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Acronym
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A
word formed by the first letters of other words (such as AIDS
or CDC).
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AIDS
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Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome. A clinical definition of illnesses
caused by HIV, resulting from a CD4 count less than or equal
to 200, or on or more diagnosed opportunistic infections.
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ASO
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AIDS
SERVICE ORGANIZATION
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Behavioral
Science
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A
science, such as psychology, that seeks to survey and predict
the responses (behaviors) of individuals and groups to a given
situation, i.e. " find out why people do what they do." Behavioral
science helps HIV prevention planners choose strategies that
are known to help people change or avoid HIV risk behaviors.
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Bylaws
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Standing
rules written by a group to govern their internal functions,
such as voting, attendance, and elected officers.
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CBO
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Community-Based
Organization (not a governmental agency)
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CDC
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U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Communication
channels
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Routes
or ways to reach members of a target population with HIV prevention
messages, such as mass media, personal interactions, community
bulletins, and web sites.
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Concurrence
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Agreement.
See letter of concurrence.
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Conflict
of interest
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A
conflict between a one's obligation to the public good and
one's self-interest. For example, if a member is asked to
help decide whether to give a grant to Agency A and she is
employed by Agency A, she has a conflict of interest.
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Cost
analysis
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A
type of partial economic evaluation that describes how much
a program costs per units of service (example: _dollars per
client contact or session).
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Cost
benefits analysis
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A
long term economic evaluation that describes a program's benefit
in terms of the dollars saved society for the money spent
( example: _dollars in prevention outreach saves _dollars
in AIDS care).
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Cost
effectiveness
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A
mid- to long term evaluation of program outcomes (e.g. behavior
change, clients tested) for the money spent.
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CPG
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Community
Planning Group ( a generic term for planning groups across
the U.S.)
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CTRPN
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Counseling,
Testing, Referral, and Partner Notification. An older term
for Prevention Counseling and Testing.
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Cultural
competency
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The
ability of an agency or individual to word effectively with
culturally diverse clients and communities by exhibiting culturally
appropriate attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and policies. Competency
goes beyond sensitivity or awareness to put into practice
appropriate interventions and ways of relating to clients.
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Cultural
group
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Any
group of people who share a world view, language, history,
or lifestyle. There are many differences within cultural groups,
including factors such as gender, ethnicity, education, occupation,
length of time in the United States, residence (rural, urban,
suburban), and life experiences.
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Culture
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An
integrated system of learned behavior patterns that are characteristic
of the members of any particular group. Culture includes shared
customs, experiences, beliefs, rituals, and practices in a
group of people. The elements of culture range from visible
factors-such as appearance or dress-to assumptions people
make about themselves, their relationships with others, and
their values and priorities.
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Developmentally
appropriate
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Programs
or materials that are consistent with the learning skills
of the client.
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Economic
evaluation
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A variety of methods to study the relationship between program
costs ("inputs") and programs results ("outputs").
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Effectiveness
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An
evaluation of a tested intervention to see whether it produces
the desired outcome among the population under normal practice
conditions.
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Efficacy
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An
evaluation of a new, untested intervention to see whether
it produces the desired outcome in a sample of the population
under optimal program conditions.
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Epidemic
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A
disease that has spread rapidly among a large number of people
within a short period of time.
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Epidemiology
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The
study of epidemics and epidemic diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis.
In prevention planning, epidemiologic information shows which
populations, age groups, ethnic groups, are affected by HIV
in a defined area.
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Evidence-based
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In
prevention planning, decisions based on scientific evidence,
such as epidemiologic data, behavioral science, and local
needs assessments.
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Focus
group
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A
structured discussion among a small group of people to learn
their attitudes and opinions, and to test new ideas among
people who share similar experiences or knowledge.
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Formative
evaluation
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An evaluation of a program during its development to determine
its feasibility, or an evaluation of a program early in its
implementation to improve it. Pre-program formative evaluation
assesses what is likely to work for a given population. Early
program evaluation often compares two or more program approaches
(e.g. weekend outreach vs. weekday outreach) to find what
works best to reach program goals. The term is sometimes used
to describe the evaluation of short-term (less than six months)
changes in knowledge, attitudes, or skills as a result of
interventions, prior to conducting a more extensive evaluation.
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FY
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Fiscal
Year
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Goal
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A
general statement of a program's purpose.
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Grant
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Money
provided by an outside group to a person or agency for a specific
program or purpose. Applying for a grant is a competitive
process that involves detailed explanations of why there is
a need for the money and how it will be spent.
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Grantee
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The
person or group receiving funds from outside source. IDPH
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Guidance
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The
CDC document that gives information and rules for community
planning and receiving CDC funds for HIV prevention programs.
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Harm
reduction
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An
intervention approach that promotes and affirms any behavior
change that will improve health, improved well-being, or reduce
the chance of hurting oneself or another person. Harm reduction
is the concept behind needle exchange and many other interventions
that serve persons at risk.
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HE/RR
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Health
Education/Risk Reduction. A broad category covers health promotion
activities such as street & community outreach and group prevention
& support.
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HIV
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Human
Immunodeficiency Virus, the virus that damages the immune
system and causes AIDS.
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HRSA
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Health
Resources Service Administration. A federal agency under the
Health and Human Services department and part of the Public
Health Service. HRSA oversees the Ryan White CARE Act.
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Impact
evaluation
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An
evaluation to determine the effectiveness of a program in
producing long term changes in health status ( disease, disability,
or death) or health indicators(related conditions or risk
behaviors) in a population.
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In-kind
contributions
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Internal
agency resources that contractors contribute to their grant-funded
prevention programs, such as donated staff time, office supplies,
and volunteers.
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Incidence
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The
rate of new infections or diagnosed cases in a specific population
within a time period, usually one year. The rate is adjusted
for population size so planners can compare the relative impact
of a disease on various populations. Rates are usually stated
as the number of annual cases per 100,000 persons in a population.
( Example: If there were 100 new HIV infections in injection
drug users last year, and the IDU populations is 50,000, the
incidence rate would be 200 per 100,000 population.)
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Inclusion
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An
assurance that all affected communities are included and involved
in a meaningful way in the community planning process.
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Intervention
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A
planned activity targeted to a specific population with an
objective to change or avert high-risk behaviors that may
result in HIV infection.
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Jurisdiction
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A
geographic area that is within the responsibility of a particular
government agency, such as a local health department.
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KABB
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Knowledge
, Attitudes, Beliefs, Behaviors
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Letter
of concurrence
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A
part of the grantee's application to the CDC. The letter states
that the planning group agrees with the programs outlined
in the application.
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Letter
of justification
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A
letter that must be submitted by the health department to
the CDC if the planning group does not concur with the department's
application. The letter explains why the health department
wants a different plan.
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Letter
of non-concurrence
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A
letter written by a planning group if they do not agree with
the health department's grant application to the CDC. The
letter explains why members disagree with the plan.
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Linguistically
specific
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Dialect
and language consistent with the target population's native
language and style of communication.
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Morbidity
data
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Statistics
that show disease or illness (HIV infection, AIDS).
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Mortality
data
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Statistics
that represent deaths related to a condition (HIV infection,
AIDS).
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MCH
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Maternal
and Child Health
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MSM
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Men
who have Sex with Men. Describes males who desire or engage
in same sex behaviors and who may or may not identify as gay
or bisexual.
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Needs
assessment
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The
process of collecting and analyzing information from many
sources in order to determine the needs of a particular population
or community.
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NIDU
or Non-IDU
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Non-Injection
Drug User. Someone who uses alcohol or other drugs without
injecting them. Sometimes describes someone in recovery.
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NIH
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National
Institutes of Health
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Objective
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A
goal that can be measured within a specific time period.
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Outcome
evaluation
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An
evaluation to determine the effectiveness of a program in
producing midterm (12-24 months) changes in behaviors or attitudes
for a defined population.
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Parity
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A
situation in which all members of the community planning group
have the training, skills, and information they need to participate
in the planning process and to have an equal voice in voting
and other decision making.
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PCM
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Prevention
Case Management
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Peer
education
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Any prevention intervention-such a outreach or group education
- provided by trained, self-identified members of the target
population to their peers. Peer educators usually serve as
role models, demonstrating behaviors and attitudes that support
risk reduction.
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Perinatal
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Services or events in the time period surrounding pregnancy
and birth (before, during, and after delivery).
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PIR
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Parity,
Inclusion. and Representation-principles of community planning.
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PLWA/PLWHIV
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Person Living With AIDS, Person Living With HIV
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Prevalence
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The percentage of people with a condition at any given time.
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Prioritize
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A
process to decide what populations and programs are most important.
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Process
evaluation
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An evaluation designed to document whether programs were conducted
according to written program plans. Process evaluation describes
the content and quality of program services, whom was served,
and client feedback.
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PSA
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Public Service Announcement. Free media ads placed on radio,
TV, etc.
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PSE
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Public
Sex Environment
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Referral
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Information
or assistance to help a client gain access to a needed service.
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Representation
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The assurance that those who are representing a specific community
truly reflect that community's values, norms, and behaviors.
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Resource
inventory
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A listing or summary of information about prevention activities
and relevant services provided by agencies to populations
in a defined geographic area.
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RFP
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Request for Proposals. Documents issued by funders to announce
the availability of grant funds and specify application requirements.
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Ryan
White CARE Act
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Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act
of 1990, which provides federal funding for AIDS care.
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Seroincidence
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The
rate of new infections within a specific target population
in a time period Seroincidence studies test blood samples
from at risk populations to find the rate of recent infection
in sampled persons. (sero=blood).
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Seroprevalence
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The level of infection within a specific target population
to date. Seroprevalence studies test blood samples from at
risk populations to find the percentage of sampled persons
infected, regardless of when infection occurred. (sero=blood)
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Sex
worker
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A person who exchanges sex for money (commercial sex worker),
drugs, shelter, etc. May refer to persons of any gender or
sexual orientation.
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Subcontractor
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A
person or agency that receives funding through another agency
(contractor) to perform specific services. Local HIV prevention
programs that receive funding through lead agencies are subcontractors.
Because they do not receive funds directly from PDH
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STD
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Sexually
Transmitted Disease
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Surveillance
data
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Statistics
on the number of people with HIV, AIDS, or other reportable
diseases in a given area, based on reports to public health
from various sites.
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Target
populations
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Groups of people who are the focus of HIV prevention efforts
because of their high rates of HIV infection, risk behaviors,
and other factors.
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TA
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Technical Assistance
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TB
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Tuberculosis
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Technical
assistance
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Training and information that helps people do their jobs or
tasks better.
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Transgender
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A person who self-identifies as a gender (male or female)
that is different from their biological sex. Some transgender
persons seek gender reassignment surgery (a "sex change"),
use hormone treatments, or alter their outward gender appearance;
and some transgender persons do not.
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Work
plan
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A written plan to meet a measurable program objective within
a time period (usually one year), including a list of major
program tasks and deadlines.
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Youth
Risk Behavior Surveillance System
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National,
state, and local school-based surveys of adolescent health
behaviors including drug use and sexual behavior
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